NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has completed its comprehensive imaging of the Sombrero galaxy, revealing its huge stellar bulge and intricate dust disk in stunning near-infrared detail. These observations are key to understanding the galaxy’s turbulent past and evolution
An iconic target in new light
The Sombrero galaxy, a celestial icon with a storied past, has long captivated astronomers and backyard observers alike. First documented nearly 250 years ago by French astronomer Pierre Méchain, and later officially designated Messier 104, its distinctive shape and prominent dust lane have made it a persistent object of fascination.
Now, new observations from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) are adding crucial layers to our understanding of this magnificent spiral galaxy, offering an unprecedentedly detailed view of its intricate structure and hinting at a turbulent past.
Credits Image: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI
Unveiling the sombrero’s depths with near-infrared vision
Following up on a mid-infrared image captured in late 2024, Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) has provided a stunning new perspective of the Sombrero galaxy. This latest image illuminates the galaxy’s immense central bulge – a densely packed collection of stars – while revealing how dust in the outer reaches of the disk subtly obscures some of the stellar light. By studying the Sombrero at various wavelengths, from visible light with the Hubble Space Telescope to near and mid-infrared with Webb, astronomers can piece together the complex puzzle of how this cosmic system of stars, dust, and gas formed and evolved, and how these components interact.
The new near-infrared image from Webb presents a different appearance compared to Hubble’s visible light view. The Sombrero’s iconic dust disk, so prominent in visible light, appears less pronounced in the near-infrared. This is because the longer, redder wavelengths of infrared light emitted by stars are more adept at penetrating dust, allowing more of that stellar light to pass through unimpeded. Conversely, in the mid-infrared image, the dust itself is observed glowing, providing a complementary perspective.
Echoes of a violent past
Located approximately 30 million light-years from Earth at the edge of the Virgo galaxy cluster, the Sombrero galaxy boasts a colossal mass equivalent to about 800 billion Suns. Its “edge-on” orientation from our perspective offers a unique vantage point. Despite its seemingly tranquil appearance, studies have increasingly suggested a turbulent history for this grand design spiral. Several intriguing anomalies discovered over the years point towards a violent merger with at least one other galaxy in its distant past.
One key piece of evidence lies in the Sombrero’s roughly 2,000 globular clusters – ancient collections of hundreds of thousands of stars bound together by gravity. Spectroscopic analyses of these clusters have unveiled an unexpected diversity in their stellar compositions. Stars that form concurrently from the same primordial material should exhibit similar chemical “fingerprints.” However, the Sombrero’s globular clusters display noticeable variations, a phenomenon that a merger of different galaxies over billions of years would readily explain.
Further supporting this merger theory is the subtly warped appearance of the galaxy’s inner disk. While nearly edge-on, our view, which is six degrees off the galaxy’s equator, reveals that the inner disk appears tilted inward, resembling the nascent stages of a funnel, rather than lying perfectly flat.
Distant glimpses: A whole new understanding using the NIRCam
The remarkable resolution of Webb’s NIRCam also allows for the identification of individual stars outside the galaxy’s main structure. Among these are numerous red giants, cooler stars whose expansive surface areas cause them to glow brightly in the near-infrared. While these red giants are also detectable in mid-infrared, the smaller, bluer stars visible in the near-infrared tend to “disappear” at longer wavelengths.
Beyond the Sombrero itself, the NIRCam image showcases a stunning backdrop of space, scattered with galaxies of diverse shapes and colours. The varied hues of these distant galaxies provide astronomers with valuable clues about their characteristics, including their immense distances from Earth.
![Figure 1: Sketch of the evolution of the Universe over the last 13.77 billion years. It started with the Big Bang, followed by an extremely short period of rapid exponential expansion. The furthest we can see is the cosmic microwave background, when radiation decoupled from matter, approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang. This is followed by the ‘dark ages,’ during which this radiation redshifted from the visible regime into infrared and sub-mm wavelengths. The occurrence of the first stars, about 400 million years after the Big Bang, ended this phase, spearheading the formation of galaxies as we see them today. [Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team, public domain]](https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Fig-1_1200-100x70.jpg "How did the first stars form in space?")
